Type IV secretion systems (T4SSs) comprise 12 protein components, VirB1–VirB11 and VirD4. VirB2 forms a pilus and is co-purified with VirB5. VirB4, VirB11 and VirD4 are ATPases powering pilus assembly ...
A single component failure can bring an entire system to a halt, leading to costly downtime, safety risks and compromised performance. For mechanical engineers, designing critical components isn’t ...