Think back to middle school algebra, like 2 a + b. Those letters are parameters: Assign them values and you get a result. In ...

The signal integrity analysis of high-speed electronic designs requires that the interconnect models be valid over a wide bandwidth. To represent the frequency-dependent behavior of a complex ...

Developing a power module requires enhanced design and verification methods. Currently, multiple iterations are needed to get the design done. Today, design and manufacturing processes are heavily ...

Modulation bandwidths continue to grow, promising higher data rates yet imposing test difficulties. Most test technologies are still rooted in past, narrowband architectures, which are increasingly ...

S parameters play a dominant role in high speed PCB simulation and verification. Generation of S parameters is relatively easy at high frequency in comparison to other parameters like Y and Z. In this ...

Signals operating in the radio frequency (RF) realm between 3 kHz to 300 GHz are an inherent part of processing by circuit components within and outside an IC. Linear characteristics of RF circuits ...

As high-speed serial data rates advance beyond 50 Gb/s, conventional logic-emulating non-return-to-zero (NRZ) signaling is being replaced by PAM4, a four-level pulse amplitude-modulation scheme. PAM4 ...

What are S-parameters? The multiple types of S-parameters beyond the small-signal variety. Using S-parameters, we can represent even the most complex RF device as a simple N-port network. Figure 1 ...